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All the routers, switches (actually – pretty much each and every device which forms Internet infrastructure) – are allowed to drop each and every packet.

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TCP, when it observes a dropped packet, interprets it as an indication of congestion – and slows down.

Abstract:

Apparently, in practice there is big difference between cross-platform determinism and same-executable determinism, both in abilities they can provide, and from implementation complexity point of view

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Cross-platform determinism is the strictest definition of determinism I know; not surprisingly, there are quite a few factors which can break it

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each of the stages of the rendering pipeline is operating on a large set of items (vertices or fragments/pixels)

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These days, even if the program uses fixed-pipeline, that fixed-pipeline is simulated over shaders anyway ?

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In games, more often than not, we’ll be dealing with so-called Phong reflection model.

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with orthographic projection, the lines which project points from our 3D world onto our 2D screen, are no longer converging to one single point; instead, they go parallel to each other.